What are LTE and BWA in 4G?

You all know that 4G is replacing other previous technologies like 2G and 3G. Due to high data rates and better transmission rates capability. But, do you know? what are the changes done to make such high data transmission possible.

They are the two basic terms that related to the high data transmission rate technology i.e. 4G. Learn and find how it does...

LTE - Long Term Evolution - It is a radio access technology that delivers blazing high speeds up to 100 Mbps(megabits per second). This technology has been used in 4G telecommunication services to provide high speed data rates.

BWA - BroadBand Wireless Access - BWA is the generic term for 4G telecom, for which spectrum in the 2300 MHz band was auctioned by the Indian Government. LTE is a type of BWA access, with technology is an alternative to LTE, the way CDMA technology was an alternative to GSM standards in 2G telephony. Using LTE technology supports high data rates with greater speed and support high data transmission wirelessly.

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Buzzer interface with 8051 microcontroller

Buzzer is a electronic device that converts the electronic signal into buzzing noise, that is applied to it. It can be used as electronic bell or as quiz buzzer in many applications around us. Here, i world like to discuss the interfacing of a small buzzer with 8051 microcontroller and how different projects can be constructed. Buzzer Interfacing: This project shows the interface with AT89S52 microcontroller to a buzzer. When a push button is pressed, the buzzer will get ON and OFF ( number of times set in the code ) and then stops. Circuit Diagram: - The port P1 of the microcontroller is connected to buzzer. This type of connection is possible, if the current requirements of the buzzer is not more than 20mA. The output is in current source mode so that buzzer will turn ON when the output of the port is logic LOW. Switch is connected to port P3 which remains at logic HIGH by pull up resistor. Code: #include "REG52.h" #define buz P1 sbit SW=P3^0; long int i; voi

How to Switch OFF Citizen Calculator

You might be confused on seeing no OFF button on your calculator. Actually, these are general calculator available at low cost in the market. They process simple calculations like division, subtraction, Addition, Multiplication. But, how will you OFF that calculator having no option on them. There is always a trick which OFF them. It depends on the company calculator and their series to which they belong. I can tell you about Citizen Calculator CT-500 (as you can see in the image), how can you switch OFF it and can save battery too. If you leave calculator idle for 6-7 minutes, it will goes OFF automatically. My calculator goes OFF in 6.50 minutes from the point of leaving it idle. But, this is not the power saving trick for these types of calculator having not much backup battery. To save the power of your normal calculator, here is the trick to switch OFF it. Press ' /(divide sign)', 'x(multiply sign)', '%(percentage sign)', 'autoreplay option(

Different ways to generate delays in 8051

The delay length in 8051 microcontroller depends on three factors: The crystal frequency the number of clock per machine the C compiler. The original 8051 used 1/12 of the crystal oscillator frequency as one machine cycle. In other words, each machine cycle is equal to 12 clocks period of the crystal frequency connected to X1-X2 pins of 8051. To speed up the 8051, many recent versions of the 8051 have reduced the number of clocks per machine cycle from 12 to four, or even one. The frequency for the timer is always 1/12th the frequency of the crystal attached to the 8051, regardless of the 8051 version. In other words, AT89C51, DS5000, and DS89C4x0 the duration of the time to execute an instruction varies, but they all use 1/12th of the crystal's oscillator frequency for the clock source. 8051 has two different ways to generate time delay using C programming, regardless of 8051 version. The first method is simply using Loop program function in which Delay() function i

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