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Explaining the Piezoelectric effect

Introduction:-

Piezoelectricity is also called the piezoelectric effect, is the appearance of an electrical potential across the sides of a crystal when it is subjected to a mechanical stress.

Invented by:-

The piezoelectric effect was discovered in 1880 by the Jacques and Pierre Currie brothers. They found that when a mechanical stress was applied on crystals like quartz, electrical charges appeared, and this voltage was proportional to the stress. Conversely, when an electric field is applied to one of the faces of the crystal, it undergoes mechanical distortion.

Operation:-

When an electrical electric field is applied to the crystal, the ions in each unit cell are displaced by electrostatic forces, resulting in mechanical deformation of the whole crystal.


The effect is explained by the displacement of ions in crystals that have a non-symmetrical unit cell structure. When the crystal is compressed, the ions in each unit cell are displaced, causing electric polarization of unit cell. Because of the regularity of the crystalline structure, these effects accumulate, causing the appearance of an electric potential difference between certain faces of the crystal.

The piezoelectric effect occurs only in non-conductive materials. Piezoelectric materials can be divided into two main groups: Crystals and ceramics. The most well known piezoelectric material is quartz (SIO2). Other examples are titanate and tourmaline.

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