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How 1G reached to 5G in mobile communication

Mobile communication is the two-way communication process in which cellular concept is implemented with frequency-reuse capabilities, digital signal processing, integrated circuits and enhanced battery life. The frequency-reuse concept is dividing the frequency into cells and implement the cells to cover a geographic area ranging from 2km to 50km and outside this range, the same frequency can be implemented.

Journey from 1G to 5G:


1G: It is refer as the first-generation wireless communication launched in 1980s and operated at radio signals that use analogue systems such as AMPS(Advance Mobile Telephony system) that use FDM to divide the bandwidth into specific frequencies that are assigned to individual calls. 1G network used to work on 150MHz frequency and up.

2G: It is similar to 1G in frequency range but these types of network used to be operated at digital use either TDMA or CDMA method, instead of analog. The voice during the calls, is encoded to digital and then, transmitted. It is launched in 1990s, immediately after the launch of 1G communication.  This gave advantages over 1G in terms of better bandwidth utilization, increased privacy, more signal-to-noise ratio.

2.5G: it came into existence with introduction of World Wide Web. It supports higher-data-rate transmission for Web browsing and also supports a new browsing format language called wireless application protocol (WAP). The different upgrade path such as GPRS, EDGE were introduced in this generation of communication. This network also provided the concept of MMS and SMS, search and directory with data rate of 56kb/s to 115kb/s.

3G: It was introduced in 2004-05 with increased clarity, real time conversation with higher data rate transfer in several Mb/s. It led to the demand of video chatting, video calling, video conferencing, mobile TV. The practical data rate is maintained up to 2Mb/s and the data rate transfer is carried out through packet switching, whereas voice calls are through circuit switching.

3.5G or W-CDMA: Universal Mobile Telecommunication systems introduced the packet-based wireless service with capabilities of 2G and 2.G TDMA. It ensures that computer or entertainment devices connected to the Internet must share same wireless network. W-CDMA provides the higher-quality data, better video streaming, video conferencing with data rate ranging from 8kb/s (lowest) to 2Mb/s (highest).

3.75G: It is the step towards 4G network and known for High Speed Packet Access (HSPA) which allowed data transfer rate up to 14.4Mb/s. It worked on Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) and thus, reducing latency providing five times more system capacity in the downlink and two times more capacity in uplink than W-CDMA.

4G: It is the collection of packet-switched networks for data transmission. It provides the mobile broadband technology to access Internet, for example to laptops with USB wireless modems, with higher data rate ranging from 100Mb/s and above. It offers additional features such as IP telephony, ultra-broadband Internet access, gaming services and HDTV streamed multimedia.

5G: It is under process and referred as 2020 mobile communication system. It will provide better spectral efficiency, more bandwidth and long data transfer transmission with better speed. Samsung has claimed that 5G communication in the millimeter-wave bands are under testing and they will launch this communication service in 2020 with speed ranging from 1Gb/s to 10Gb/s.

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